General Information

The Kyrgyz Republic (or Kyrgyzstan) is located in Central Asia, in a mountainous region formed by the Tien Shan and Pamir-Alay ranges. Kyrgyzstan borders Kazakhstan to the north, China to the east and southeast, Uzbekistan to the west, and Tajikistan to the south. The main cities of Kyrgyzstan are Bishkek, Osh, Manas (known as Jalal-Abad until 2025), Karakol, Naryn, Talas, and Batken. The country is home to Lake Issyk-Kul, a large high-altitude lake. Its northern shore hosts a popular resort area with numerous beaches and hotels.

International airports connecting Kyrgyzstan with other countries are located in Bishkek, Osh, Karakol, and the small village of Tamchy in the Issyk-Kul resort area (Tamchy airport operates international flights only during the summer season). In recent years, airport construction and modernization have been actively underway. In particular, a new airport is being built in the country’s third-largest city, Manas (Jalal-Abad).

Since the 2000s, Kyrgyzstan has been on the European Union’s aviation safety blacklist. However, the country has made significant efforts to be removed from it. At present, almost all required procedures have been completed, and a final decision is expected in spring 2026. Until then, there are no direct flights to or from EU countries. Kyrgyzstan has regular air connections with Russia, Turkey, the UAE, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, China, India, Azerbaijan, and several other countries.

The capital’s airport (also named “Manas” after the main hero of the Kyrgyz epic) is located about 30 km northwest of Bishkek. As of late 2025, the airport is undergoing reconstruction without suspending flights, so access routes may change frequently. Pay attention to on-site information and signage.

There are several ways to get from the airport to Bishkek:

• City bus No. 153
• GoBus shuttle
• Taxi

Travel time to the city limits is about 40 minutes; reaching more distant districts may take up to 1.5 hours, or even longer during rush hour.

Cities in Kyrgyzstan are connected by regular international bus services with neighboring countries, primarily Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan. For example, several buses per day operate between Bishkek and Almaty in both directions; travel time (excluding border checks) is about four hours. There are also routes from Bishkek to Tashkent, which run via Kazakhstan. Railway connections are limited: only a few passenger trains per day depart from Bishkek’s main railway station to Kazakhstan and Russia.

Visa requirements depend on your citizenship and may change, so be sure to check before traveling. No registration is required for stays of up to 30 days. If you have a biometric passport, you can use the dedicated e-gates to the right of the main passport control area at Bishkek airport; queues there are usually shorter than at regular counters.

Upon exiting the airport, arriving passengers are usually approached by many taxi drivers, so it is easy to arrange a ride on the spot if desired. Prices start from around 800 KGS and depend on the district you are traveling to. Yandex Taxi operates in Kyrgyzstan. Payment is possible with any international bank card or in cash.

The national currency of Kyrgyzstan is the Kyrgyz som (KGS). In recent years, the exchange rate has been very stable at just under 90 KGS per 1 US dollar. Currency exchange is available at the airport, where rates are not significantly different from the city average. There are also many exchange offices in the city, often open late. As of late 2025, international cards can be used without any restrictions.

The main mobile operators in Kyrgyzstan are MEGA, O!, and Beeline. SIM cards can be purchased directly at the airport; sometimes they are even offered on board the aircraft. If a SIM card is not purchased at an official service center, it can be used for a limited time, after which you will need to visit a mobile operator’s office to sign a service agreement. There are plenty of service centers in Bishkek and other major cities. They can be found in major shopping malls and many other locations.

The state language is Kyrgyz. It belongs to the Kyrgyz–Kipchak branch of the Turkic language family. Other Turkic languages include Turkish, Kazakh, Uzbek, Tatar, Bashkir, and many others spoken across a vast area of Central Eurasia, from Turkey to Yakutia. Kyrgyz uses the Cyrillic script. Russian has official status and is widely spoken; in the vast majority of cases, you will be able to communicate in Russian. Most signs and public notices are displayed in both languages. English is commonly spoken in hotels, restaurants, and other tourist places.

In cities, Yandex Maps and Google Maps work well, as does 2GIS (which often provides the most detailed and up-to-date information on museums, cafés, and other venues). For navigation in the mountains or rural areas, we recommend using services and apps specifically designed for outdoor activities, such as alltrails.com, maps.me, outdooractive.com, and others.

The main form of public transport in the capital and other large cities is buses. Bishkek’s trolleybus network was dismantled in 2024; there are no trams or metro systems. However, the bus network is extensive, buses run frequently, and using them is generally convenient. You can use 2GIS or Yandex Maps to plan routes. Boarding is always through the front door. Fares can be paid with an international bank card by tapping it on the validator upon entry. As of late 2025, the fare on most city routes is 17 KGS (about USD 0.20), regardless of distance.

Cities in Kyrgyzstan are connected by frequent intercity bus services. Bishkek’s bus infrastructure is currently undergoing major reconstruction, and the two main bus stations have been closed. As of late 2025, two temporary bus terminals are in operation.

The first is located in the northeast of the city at 1/1 Almatinskaya Street. It serves eastern routes (Issyk-Kul and Naryn regions) as well as Kazakhstan. The terminal can be reached by city buses No. 13 and No. 34, and by minibuses (marshrutkas) No. 123 and No. 128.

The second terminal is located in the west of the city at 13B Frunze Street, near the under-construction Ak-Kula hippodrome. From here, buses depart to the southern regions of Kyrgyzstan and to towns west of the capital. It can be reached by city buses No. 13 and No. 40, as well as minibus route No. 258.

Construction of a new modern bus terminal is actively underway, but as of late 2025 it has not yet been completed.

Bus tickets can be checked on tezket.kg, and GoBus services are also very popular.

Intercity travel is also possible by sharing rides with other travelers using services such as InDrive, or by finding ride shares through Telegram groups.

During the summer season, a tourist train operates from Bishkek to Lake Issyk-Kul. The railway line, however, only reaches the town of Balykchy (formerly Rybachye), the closest point on the lake to Bishkek. The train runs from June to August (often only on weekends in June, and daily in July and August), once per day, departing from Bishkek-2 railway station.

Tickets can be purchased online. The journey takes about five hours. The train departs in the morning and returns to Bishkek the same evening. The terminal station is located next to a new, well-equipped beach in Balykchy. In addition to standard seating cars, the train also includes higher-comfort carriages decorated in a national style.

The train ride itself is an attraction: it travels through scenic landscapes along the foothills of the mountains and, in the final section, ascends toward Issyk-Kul through the narrow Boom Gorge (the Chüy River valley).

Electrical outlets follow the standard used in Russia and most European countries (Type F). The mains voltage is 220 V.

The websites booking.com and airbnb.com work well in Kyrgyzstan. Payment is most often made upon check-in. The capital offers a wide range of hotels for all budgets and preferences. Many hotels are located in the Issyk-Kul resort area (on the northern shore of the lake, in the town of Cholpon-Ata and surrounding villages).
During the high season (July–August), the best accommodation options may be fully booked and prices can be higher if you do not plan your trip in advance. On the southern shore of Issyk-Kul, accommodation mainly consists of yurt camps of varying comfort levels and small guesthouses. There is also a wide selection of accommodation in Karakol, with high demand both in winter (January–February, ski season) and in summer (hiking and outdoor activity season). In other cities, the choice may be more limited, but it is still usually possible to find options in different price ranges.

Kyrgyzstan is a relatively safe country. Street crime levels are low, and local residents are generally friendly toward tourists. Kyrgyz culture is characterized by warm hospitality combined with a calm and respectful attitude toward guests. In large cities, on public transport, or in crowded places (such as Osh Bazaar), pickpocketing can occur, so basic safety precautions should be observed. That said, you are far more likely to encounter people willing to help, give directions, or provide assistance when needed.

Kyrgyzstan is a mountainous country. In practice, almost the entire territory is divided into several separate valleys connected by high mountain passes. On the one hand, this makes travel across the country more challenging; on the other, it creates an exceptional diversity of landscapes and climate zones within a relatively small area. Another important factor contributing to this diversity is the relatively high amount of precipitation in the high mountains. This precipitation feeds numerous rivers and streams, supporting vegetation and wildlife. As a result, Kyrgyzstan is much “greener” (and on average cooler) than the steppe regions of Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan located at similar latitudes. Even on the hottest summer days, when temperatures in Bishkek (about 700 meters above sea level) can reach +35 to +40 °C, it is easy to escape the heat by traveling just a short distance outside the city. On the shores of Lake Issyk-Kul (1,600 meters above sea level), temperatures rarely exceed +25 °C even at the height of summer.

Winter in Bishkek is short, with frequent thaws and relatively little precipitation. Even in December and January, temperatures may rise above +10 °C on some days, although there are periods when sub-zero temperatures persist for two to three weeks. Snow in the Chüy Valley rarely stays for long and usually disappears completely by the end of February.

Spring begins in March, when tulips and apricot trees start to bloom. In April, daytime temperatures can already exceed +20 °C. April and May (as well as September) are the best months to visit Bishkek or to walk at lower elevations, as summers can be excessively hot.

In the mountains, winter and snow cover last longer. Nevertheless, the ski season near Bishkek usually ends in late February, while in Karakol it typically lasts until March.

In the southern regions of the country (Osh and Batken regions), average temperatures are several degrees higher than in Bishkek. The non-freezing Lake Issyk-Kul creates a unique microclimate in its basin, closer to a maritime climate, with mild, humid winters and cool summers. The water warms up slowly; swimming is often still cold in June and even in early July. The best time for swimming is from the second half of July to the first half of August, when water temperatures can reach +20 to +22 °C.

In September, valleys still feel summery, while in the mountains trees begin to turn yellow in the second half of the month. In October, the snow line gradually descends to elevations of 2,000–2,500 meters, and trees in the valleys also turn yellow and shed their leaves. Snow in Bishkek rarely falls before the second half of November.

The best time to travel depends on your goals:

• For walking and sightseeing in Bishkek and other cities, April, May, and September are ideal, with mild temperatures and no extreme heat. In spring, cities are lush and colorful with blooming roses, chestnut trees, and other vegetation.
• For hiking in the mid-mountains (up to 3,000 meters), the second half of May and all summer months are most suitable. In early summer, waterfalls are usually more powerful and grass is greener, although conditions vary by location and year.
• For high-altitude trekking (above 3,000 meters), July and August are the best months, as temperatures are highest and weather conditions are generally more stable.
• For swimming in Lake Issyk-Kul, the best period is from mid-July to mid-August (this is also the peak tourist season). If you are looking for quieter places, consider the southern shore of the lake, where there are fewer visitors and equally good beaches.
• For alpine skiing, January and February offer the most reliable conditions. In March, snow cover begins to deteriorate rapidly under strong sunlight, and good conditions are not guaranteed even in Karakol, where snow usually lasts longer than near Bishkek.

During the winter months (approximately from November to March), Bishkek and other large cities suffer from smog. Conditions can change from day to day: some days are relatively clear, while on others the Air Quality Index (AQI) can exceed 200 or even 300. This problem is caused by a combination of atmospheric factors (temperature inversions and poor air circulation during winter anticyclones) and environmental factors (coal heating in private houses, vehicle emissions, and the operation of power plants and industrial facilities). The government is working to address the issue, but a comprehensive solution has not yet been achieved. The best way to escape smog is to leave urban areas: the higher you go and the farther you are from cities, the cleaner the air becomes. With the arrival of calendar spring, air quality improves, and during the summer months AQI levels remain within normal limits throughout Kyrgyzstan.

During periods of heavy snowfall in winter, traffic across some high mountain passes (including the Too-Ashuu Pass, which connects northern and southern Kyrgyzstan) may be restricted or completely closed. When traveling through mountain passes in the cold season, winter studded tires are strictly necessary, and snow chains are strongly recommended. In addition, the driver (whether you or someone else) must have experience driving in such conditions.

In warmer months, landslides and mudflows are possible. Regardless of whether you are traveling independently, hiring a car with a driver, or using tour services, always allow extra time for potential delays caused by weather and terrain. For example, planning to return from southern Kyrgyzstan to Bishkek just in time for a flight is a very bad idea.

Landslides and mudflows can also occur away from roads, including in hiking areas (for example, in the Konorchek Canyon). If the weather forecast predicts prolonged and/or intense rainfall, the risk of such events increases significantly. Warning signs in the field include a change in the color of streams and rivers from clear blue to murky yellow, brown, or reddish tones, rising water levels, and large amounts of debris, grass, and branches in the water.

When camping in the mountains, never pitch tents in low-lying areas near rivers or in dry riverbeds. In winter, pay close attention to official emergency service warnings regarding avalanche danger.

The plant and animal life of Kyrgyzstan is very diverse, primarily due to pronounced altitudinal zoning. In the mountains, there are a small number of moderately dangerous plants, which makes it important to follow basic safety rules: do not pick unfamiliar flowers and do not smell them.

Among large animals, wolves, bears, snow leopards, maral deer, and Siberian ibex can be found in remote areas. However, the chances of encountering them on popular hiking routes are extremely low, and attacks on humans are exceptionally rare. Smaller animals such as foxes, hares, squirrels, marmots, and others are much more commonly seen.

Birdlife is particularly rich and unusual; you can find an excellent illustrated catalogue with photographs here. Snakes are occasionally encountered in mountainous areas. Venomous species include vipers and pit vipers; their bites are rarely fatal but require prompt medical attention.

The choice of car rental companies in Bishkek is limited. Most major international brands (such as Avis, Hertz, and others) are not yet represented in the country. For this reason, it is advisable to book a car in advance during the high season (summer). Some companies may refuse short-term rentals (2–3 days), so be sure to check the conditions with specific providers. A relatively large share of rental vehicles are SUVs, as many scenic locations in Kyrgyzstan are inaccessible by regular passenger cars. However, if you have no prior experience driving such vehicles, it is important to realistically assess your skills. Kyrgyzstan, like all former Soviet countries, has right-hand traffic. Road signs follow international standards. The country is a signatory to the Vienna Convention on Road Traffic, which means that driving licenses issued by other signatory countries are recognized without additional documents.

Driving in Kyrgyzstan is often not very disciplined. For example, changing lanes without using turn signals is common. Overtaking rules are also interpreted quite loosely: on mountain roads, solid center lines are often ignored. Another common issue, especially in cities, is illegal parking. Stopping and parking rules are frequently violated, and cars may be parked in two or even three rows, significantly obstructing traffic.

According to traffic rules, drivers must yield to pedestrians at unsignalized crosswalks. In practice, however, this rule is not always followed, so pedestrians should be cautious. It is customary in Kyrgyzstan for drivers who decide to stop and let pedestrians cross to switch on their hazard lights. This gesture signals to pedestrians that it is safe to cross and warns other drivers to slow down and stop.

The default speed limit is 60 km/h in urban areas and 90 km/h outside built-up areas. Speed cameras are common on roads, and warning signs indicating speed control are often installed in advance. You can check for outstanding traffic fines on this website.

A notable feature of local traffic control is the widespread use of traffic lights with additional signal sections (arrows) where the main green signal does not have a contour arrow. According to the rules, if there is no contour arrow on the main signal, a green light allows movement in any direction, even if the additional arrow section is not illuminated. If you wait for the arrow to turn green out of habit, other drivers will likely honk to encourage you to proceed. Some intersections also use yellow cross-hatched markings (“yellow box junctions”), which prohibit entering the intersection if traffic congestion ahead would prevent you from clearing it.

Kyrgyzstan is an agricultural country, and horses, cows, goats, and sheep often graze along roads. You should always be prepared for animals to suddenly appear in front of your vehicle. This is relevant on virtually all roads throughout the country.

Kyrgyzstan enforces a zero-tolerance policy for alcohol while driving. Please note that some traditional Kyrgyz beverages (which are not formally classified as alcoholic) may still increase blood alcohol levels. Do not drive if you are not absolutely sure that you are completely sober.

There are two toll collection points on the Bishkek–Osh highway. The first is located in Sosnovka, before the ascent to the Too-Ashuu Pass. The second is located at the exit (when traveling from Bishkek) of the town of Kara-Kul in the Naryn Valley.
At both toll stations, it is possible to pay on the spot without using local banking apps; pay attention to the signs above the lanes. It is also possible to pay in advance via Pay24 payment terminals in Bishkek and other cities. More information is available here (russian text).